Inkjet Printing of Nanohydroxyapatite Gradients on Fibrous Scaffold for Bone–Ligament Enthesis

The mineralized gradient found over an ACL–subchondral bone interface was accomplished by inkjet-printing, creating a pattern of nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite (HANP) on the surface highly-aligned and chemically modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofiber scaffold. printed HANP remained relatively stable PLA, with clearly visible following 72-h aqueous incubation, as confirmed fluorescence microscopy. High-magnification SEM images displayed distribution between fibers. Following immobilization fibrin samples, proliferation differentiation response human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro quantitatively assessed. onset osteogenic appeared to have been greatly enhanced combined addition HANP, indicated ALP activity. Furthermore, inclusion greater degree than HANP. cell morphology more cuboidal shape high-HANP density regions compared spindle-like low-HANP regions, depending presence/density region (1250 µm). This study illustrates efficacy producing inkjet-printed biomolecules capable inducing cellular for ligament-to-bone enthesis.